Content

1. Intro
2. Keeping our mares happy
3. The pregnant mare

Sub Chapters

1. Creating the foal's microbiome
2. Feeding the young horse

"If you heal your microbiome, your microbiome will heal you."

Dr Nuzum, Toxicologist, Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine, Doctor of Indigenous Medicine

The gut microbiome is the hottest new topic in medicine today

Some call the latest discoveries revolutionary; some even call it a game-changer. It certainly seems to be the missing part of a huge puzzle.

The last decade or so has been the era of human microbiome research, discovering the connection to so many gut condition, i.e. IBS, Crones, Celiac, gluten Intolerance etc., so research has intensified and interest has grown – it’s now known that the microbiome manipulates everything that happens in the body.

As a result, there’s now more research happening on the equine microbiome, the early realisation showing that many horses have disrupted microbiomes which are at the root cause of many metabolic disturbances, especially in the IR lami-prone horse resulting in chronic colic, diarrhoea/faecal water, bloat/gas – all signs of dysbiosis in the hindgut microbiome. It’s now thought that autoimmune syndromes such as sweet itch/pollen allergies also have their root in a disturbed microbiome. Ultimately, it's also now thought that it all starts from birth with foals not given the chance to colonise its cecum microbes (see our separate page - The Foal's Microbiome - in our Mares & Foals page).

So what's the microbiome all about?

Whether human, horse, dog et al, the microbiome is a collective colony of numerous bacteria microbes in the digestive tract of each species, which has been honed for millions and millions of years (and full disclosure, on the skin too). They run the show completely - think of them as the body's CPU - we're all nothing more than the host for these microbes to take advantage of us.

However, we've learned to take advantage of them too. In exchange for keeping these microbes well fed, they repay us with nutrient metabolism, vitamin production, and waste processing. Except, that is, for the not-so-friendly microbes, who do nothing that we know of to support or improve our overall health and well-being.

Food is the most important regulator of the microbiome, so we need to focus on feeding the friendly fibre-fermenting bugs, and it's all about fibre. They just love fibre and munch on it all day, fermenting away to create our horse's energy source. This fibre is called a pre-biotic, and any fibre-rich food will help keep the gut healthy. This is why horses need hay, hay, and more hay, because the fibre types that their hindgut fibre-fermenting microbes need - cellulose and hemicellulose - sit in the long stems of grown grass cut for hay.

A pro-biotic is something completely different; a probiotic stimulates the growth - the colonies - of those friendly microbes, kind of like-for-like, with a friendly bacterial content, i.e. for us humans think ACV with 'the mother'. We've also got traditional fermented foods such as sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, plus kefir and active yogurts, (personally I take all my vit/min supplements with kefir - the only way I can swallow them), and I love a daily Kombucha after I've come home from the horses in the evening. I've also recently got into cooking with miso.

A quirky bit of trivia for you - Polish women eat 15kgs of sauerkraut a year, yet when they move away from Poland they stop eating it. Non-resident Polish women now have dramatically higher rates of breast cancer than their cousins in Poland chowing down on the kraut.⁣⁣

(NB. Updated May'21. Equine probiotics - there’s been little research in the use of probiotics specific to the equine gut biome species, emphasis on specific - currently there’s no probiotic available that truly mimics the microbiome of the horse. Preliminary studies to identify the best bacteria to include in an equine probiotic were apparently carried out a few years ago, but we’re still a long way from seeing the findings of these studies being developed to actual products on the market. As I type, there are no approved equine gut-appropriate beneficial bacterial probiotics for use in horses.

What the latest peer-reviewed studies are saying implies that we should perhaps be mindful of added an unrecognised microbe into the biome colony and focus more on re-establishing the actual species-appropriate cellulose-digesting microbe colonies in the hindgut, that only source coming from stemmy, cellulose/hemi-cellulose-rich hay. The current thinking is now about feeding more ‘probiotically’ - provided the appropriate prebiotic diet is fed to our horse (cellulose/hemi-cellulose fibre from stemmy hay), there may be no need to feed a probiotic.)

Some of the exciting new discoveries around the human microbiome involve the role of polyphenols, the colourful phytonutrients found in plants. The good bugs love them, and in turn they protect us. For example, one such bug, Akkermansia, loves cranberry, pomegranate and green tea. When we consume these,  Akkermansia in return creates a protective layer on the gut wall which helps prevent a leaky gut, autoimmune disease, even heart disease and diabetes. Turns out this bug is also necessary for certain cancer treatments to work, such as immunotherapy.⁣⁣

The gut also needs other nutrients to function well, i.e. zinc is necessary for digestive enzyme function, omega-3 EFAs are needed to regulate inflammation and heal a leaky gut, and foods rich in collagen also help heal the gut.⁣⁣

Thing is, we're only just learning about this incredible colony of bugs that live inside us all, and the revelations keep coming.

Diagnosis deconstructed - it's no longer about a disease label

For the last 50 years or so, we've been in a world where one size fits all. We get a diagnosis and we're given a drug. Of course, this is fine when we have no other options, but diagnoses tend to be generic.

These days the concept of 'diagnosis' is outdated - it's simply a way to categorise an illness to define a treatment plan. It works well for acute, obvious emergencies such as broken bones, appendicitis, heart attack, stroke, kidney stones - the cause is well defined, and interventions exist specifically to address it.

However, the concept of diagnosis is often less functional when applied to chronic illnesses. The signs and symptoms of many chronic illnesses overlap, and the underlying causes are not always obvious. All too often, patients are left endlessly searching for the right 'label'.

Conventional medicine is based on giving symptoms a label. Is the symptom in the stomach? In the head? Therefore it must be X. Historically diagnoses are categorised according to these symptoms, and not necessarily according to the causes or the mechanisms. The treatment plan is generally designed to block the symptoms or the progression of the condition with artificial, made-in-a-lab, chemical pharma drugs, so patients end up in a state of managed illness and never completely recover.

More often than not we end up spinning our wheels because there may be one symptom that can cause dozens of diseases. or one disease caused by dozens of symptoms - just because we've got a label doesn't always mean we know what's wrong.

Let's take depression as an example

It's a common name given to people who are sad, feel hopeless, feel helpless, can't sleep, have no appetite, and possibly feel suicidal. Six different symptoms there, but sufferers are given one label - "You have depression." They’re then given one drug, an anti-depressant, aka an SSRI (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor), because the general medical thinking is that it’s all due to one thing - a lack of serotonin, the happy hormone.

Yet ‘depression’ isn't the cause of the symptoms - it's a label given to the collective symptoms, and, somewhat worryingly, very often the cause isn’t a lack of serotonin. For sure, lack of seratonin being made (in the gut by the microbiota, not the brain, as we're brainwashed to believe) will be a symptom, but the causes could be many.

Here are several examples. It could be that a recent course of antibiotics has altered the gut biome, so now there’s dysbiosis that's led to inflammation in the brain. It could be low thyroid function, or gluten, that's triggered neuroinflammation. It could be acid blockers taken for years after every curry and now vit.B12’s no longer being absorbed because of this, so now there’s a B12 deficiency. Or there’s been prolonged lack of skin exposure to UVA sun rays so there's a vit.D deficiency. Or maybe it's due to eating too much sushi so now there’s mercury poisoning, or maybe it’s too much sugar in the diet and there’s pre-diabetes in the brain …

Phew! All these can cause the symptoms of ‘depression’. But instead of being advised to take probiotics to compensate the use of antibiotics for the annihilation of the microbiome, or get out in the sunshine a bit more, or give up curries or gluten or sushi or sugar, we end up hooked on highly potent and dangerously addictive SSRIs, which bring their own very damaging physiological, and not to mention psychological effects. Or worse, when they no longer work, antipsychotics and benzos start creeping in to the drug buffet, and now we're not just sad and hopeless and helpless; we've got chronic brain-fog with it.

Ultimately, the current model of diagnosing doesn’t help us get to the real causes. The medical profession needs a different GPS system to look at disease - maybe disease shouldn't be thought of as labels, i.e. depression or diabetes or cancer, but more as a series of altered processes, where disease is not a label but an altered biochemical process or pathway.

The good news is that the science out there is now seriously thinking that fixing the gut microbiome might be the answer.

The gut microbiome

We now have powerful information coming out of the top labs worldwide that’s changing the way we look at medicine, with the most comprehensive exploration of the microbiome that’s ever been done. Worldwide, people are beginning to heal lifelong ailments by fixing their gut system and supporting their friendly bacteria ... and this is just the beginning.

Ultimately, the microbiome is all about the complex colonies of microbial life that cohabit with us all. We could think of it as a new organ just discovered in the body, one that literally interconnects with all the other organs. It’s basically the body’s very own ecosystem of beneficial organisms (bacteria/fungi/amoeba/viruses et al), all working together to fight disease and keep the body healthy.

It's fast becoming thought of as the missing piece in health and longevity. Studies have shown that the microbiome regulates everything - immunity, health, mental state – and the best part is that science is now learning to understand how.

It's showing that the organisms in the gut are the body’s first line of defense against foreign invaders - the % number varies, depending on which study you read, but anywhere from 70-80%-ish of the immune system cells are in the gut, sitting right under a one-cell-thin layer of gut lining.⁣ They’re also the gateway to fighting chronic disease and inflammation. The proof is in the worldwide case-studies in human health already showing that chronic conditions such as autoimmunity, obesity, diabetes, IBS, Crohns, autism, Parkinson’s, chronic fatigue syndrome, the list goes on – real people with these very real syndromes, are now being completely cured by addressing diet and fixing their microbiome.

The microbiome's mortal enemy - dysbiosis

The term 'microbiome' refers to all the organisms that live in and on the body – they cover the skin and they’re in the gut. Most of us think it’s just bacteria but there’s so much more – we’re talking viruses, fungal organisms, tiny one-cell protozoa. There are literally trillions of microscopic bugs that inhabit the body, more than 1-billion in just one drop of fluid in the human colon alone.

These trillions of bugs are dynamically interacting with biology every second. These bugs include millions of microbial genes, all making essential vitamins, proteins, cell-signaling molecules, with some scientists estimating that a third to half of all the molecules in the blood come from microbial metabolites - all messengers of health or disease. They interact with the body's genes, hormones, immune system, brain chemistry, metabolism, nutrient levels and what’s absorbed/what’s not absorbed - every single process in the body's biology.

Incredible! You’d think ... However, not all the bugs are friendly - we eat gut-busting foods, live a gut-busting lifestyle, and take gut-busting drugs, and these feed the pro-inflammatory unfriendly bacteria which can become pathogenic (disease causing) if they get out of control. Usually they’re outnumbered by the friendly bugs and they're kept in check, but consume a highly processed, refined, artificial diet high in sugar, starch and synthetics, very often coated in the microbiome-destroying weed-killer, Glyphosate (used on 70 percent of all crops in the world), and these gut-busting bugs can cause real harm to the body, driving red-raw inflammation which is at the root of almost all chronic diseases and obesity.

The more the gut-busting bugs eat gut-busting foods, the more they multiply. For them it's all about biome-domination, to proliferate their own type by the gazillions and kill off the good bugs, and here's where the bad news starts. When a beneficial microbe is killed off by the bad microbes, the death process releases a dangerous endotoxin straight into the gut environment, so we now have more of the bad bugs and endotoxins swimming around in the GI tract.

This is generically known as dysbiosis, aka a serious imbalance between good versus bad microbes in the gut microbiome, and a term now becoming all too familiar these days, certainly in the horse world. If there are more of the bad bugs than good bugs, the inflammation (gas) they cause inflates the GI tube so much that the fragile gut wall membrane splits apart and causes Leaky Gut. The undigested matter that should normally stay in the small intestine - foreign proteins and toxic bacterial components - leak into the bloodstream, so the immune system hits Red Alert and goes into overdrive, creating an autoimmune response.

And so begins the cascade of systemic inflammation with the immune system on hyper-overdrive, which is why we get so many symptoms that we think aren’t connected but they are, because it connects the entire body matrix together.

And how does the gut environment become altered and out of balance? By food! It all starts with what goes in the mouth, and this applies to both human and horse. Basically, feed a horse wrong and it creates the wrong microbes. If us, or our horse, is experiencing any kind of health imbalance, the first priority it to look at what feed regime we’ve adopted which will either nurture - or destroy - our, or our horse’s, gut microbiome.

It's all interconnected

For most of modern medical history, there's never been any connection on how dysbiosis could be related to disease - the gut flora/biota/microbes - call it what you will - and the gut microbiome, the host of it all, has been basically ignored. Until now.

Just to acknowledge how impressive the microbiome is, there are literally thousands of different species. In us humans alone, there are an astonishing10-times as many bacterial cells as our own body cells. Think about that for a second. It gets more eye-opening - there are a whopping 100-times as much bacterial DNA than our own DNA. Yes you read that right - we're literally only about 1% human (!), and science is discovering that these bugs aren't just waste matter waiting to be eliminated.

The undeniable discovery is that they’re the most important beings in mammalian life - they control All Health, and they’ve been completely ignored until the last decade or so, when research labs worldwide started focusing on understanding the structure and function of the microorganisms that live in the GI tract. There’s still so much more to learn about the microbiome, but at the very least so far, it's recognised that these microbes are critically important in health and disease.

Antibiotics

What's also recognised is that the microbiome plays a part in just about all the chronic diseases that have risen dramatically since WWII, and here's the one underlying factor. WIth the development of widespread use of antibiotics, diseases have risen dramatically since then, because antibiotics kill bacteria - any bacteria - good or bad. Result? An annihilated microbiome. It really is a game changer – everything that we put into the gut has a direct effect on the microbiome.

There’s no hype about this - thousands of research papers are being published on this. A recent human study courtesy of New York University and Aalborg University in Denmark (Daily Telegraph 10.1.23), taken from more than 6-million people in Denmark who were followed for more than a decade, found that taking antibiotics was linked to a significant increase in an individual’s risk of IBD. The study also showed that if a person had taken antibiotics in the previous 5-years they were 48% more at risk of IBD.

The scientists also found the effect to be cumulative. The data showed that one course of antibiotics has an increased risk of Crohn’s or colitis of 27%, which increases by around 15% for every subsequent dose. Now translate that to our horses, and how vets hand antibiotics out like sweets. Long and short, there isn't a field in medicine that isn't impacted by the gut microbiome, with science now discovering that the gut microbiome impacts all disease.

It’s too important for us not to recognise that when we look at health, we need to look at all the factors. Having pathogenic bacteria in the gut definitely creates the risk of disease, but there are a whole range of other factors we also need to consider to determine what kind of microbiome 'type' each organism has.

The fuel (food) will determine the microbiome type, as in a diverse range created by a diverse diet, or not, and here's a top tip; diversity is key. However, there are other really important factors we need to consider, i.e. exposure to environmental toxins, and topical treatments being absorbed through the skin, especially those that contain parabens/SLS. Significantly, prescribed drugs - in the case of our horses, we're usually talking antibiotics (see our natural alternative), bute (see our natural alternatives), chemical wormers - all produce a damaged, altered microbiome in the body. It really is a whole-picture scenario.

Profound intelligence

The microbiome is the body’s scaffolding – it literally affects - and holds up - the whole body, with multiple messages concurrently working towards health. It heals the brain, it heals the body's vital detoxification organs, it heals the immune system, in one broad stroke. There's no drug that can possibly do this - it's profound intelligence.

Then there’s the gut-brain connection, a whole other huge and fascinating story; how events in the gut, specifically microbial events, affect everything from mood and emotion to neurodegeneration. And don't ignore the central nervous system which sits in both the brain and the intestines. These two nervous systems talk to each other, communicating directly through the vagus nerve. This is a whole new area that scientists are researching, understanding what the basis is of that communication - how the microbes mediate this interaction between gut and brain.

Autoimmune syndrome

What’s also been discovered is the important gut-immunity connection. Recent studies are showing how the microbiome is responsible for regulating the immune system, how it can calm it down, how it tells the immune cells what to worry, and not worry, about. A healthy microbiome can prevent the immune system become ‘autoimmune’, which is huge for better understanding of what triggers autoimmune syndromes, and best of all, what we can do to overcome these events.

The immune system is constantly communicating to the microbiome inside the gut. Imagine the immune cells asking, "What's going on in there?" with the microbiome sending messages back saying that either everything's fine, or warning that everything’s far from fine. If it's the latter, this triggers an immune system panic-attack, because this means there are high concentrations of pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria that aren't supposed to be there.

If this is the case, eventually the microbiome will develop to such an inflammatory state that it'll start blowing up the GI tract like a balloon, tearing the gut lining apart. The immune system will literally respond back by saying "Whoa! Way too many red-alerts coming through - we need to get rid of some of the messengers."

The immune cells will then start to attack the microbiome, which, until the microbiome recolonises with good microbes, will bring on 24/7 inflammation, meaning that the immune system will remain permanently hyperactive. This is fine if there's an active infection, but if there's no infection this basically means the immune system is now attacking its own body.

Cue autoimmune syndrome. And here’s a scary fact – in our human world, autoimmune disease now affects more people than cancer, diabetes, and heart disease combined.

Let's summarise

Unlike other health fads, the focus on gut health isn’t going anywhere. Even multinational brands like Dove skincare are talking about the microbiome, making it a common household discussion around the world.

Dr. Martin J Blaser, director of the NYU Human Microbiome Program states, “It's reasonable to propose that the composition of the microbiome and its activities are involved in most, if not all, of the biological processes that constitute human health and disease.”

So let's summarise why the gut is so important...

• The gut microbiome behaves more like an organ While scientists are hesitant to call the gut microbiome an organ due to the fact that it consists mainly of species that aren't of the original species' origin (i.e. human or horse), it does in fact behave like an organ when it comes to performing specific functions throughout the body, being a key player in the nervous system, the immune system, and brain function as in the endocrine (hormone) system.

• The microbiome affects every bodily function From digesting food, metabolising hormones and controlling circadian function (the biological rhythms and sleep cycle) the microbiome is the biggest detoxifier and the biggest nutrient generator. It's also the first to metabolise all drug treatments, which means a drug will either be effective or not, depending entirely on the microbiome; this has been clearly seen in human cancer and diabetes therapy.

• The gut microbiome acts like a second brain In the human gut alone, a whopping 2kg+ of bacteria and other microbes exist at any given time. Together, these microbiota, together with the enteric nervous system* and the vagus nerve, are responsible for 80% of the signals sent from the body to the brain. This is why the gut microbiome is referred to as the 2nd-brain because there is strong evidence it affects mood, happiness, motivation, behaviour, hunger levels, and even can contribute to suboptimal neurological performance later in life. *The enteric nervous system is a collection of neurons in the intestine that can function independently of the central nervous system; it's often referred to as the gut's brain, or 2nd brain. It's responsible for intestinal motility including peristalsis, the secretory function of the intestine, the control of blood flow in the intestinal wall and the regulation of intestinal immune and inflammatory reactions.

• The gut microbiome has more diversity than a rainforest When we think of a rainforest, images of a rich, diverse ecosystem with many different species comes to mind. Yet a rainforest pales in comparison to the gut microbiota, which is far more diverse - it's thought there are over 40-trillion different species.

• The gut microorganisms aren’t all bad guys We have been quick to name some bacteria like E.coli as 'bad guys, when in fact they actually provide a benefit to some locations within the gut (remember this is based on human studies). In reality, E.coli helps stimulate regeneration of the gut lining. When it comes to gut microbiome health it's about understanding how they function uniquely inside the body.

• There are more than just bacteria in the gut Although the gut microbiome is made up mostly of bacteria, there are also all sorts of other organisms in there including archaea, fungi, yeast, and bacteriophages. Archaea are an ancient organism that have no cell nucleus, often produce methane and have the distinct ability to live in extreme environments, including an acidic gut. The gut is also full of other fungi and possibly even a few parasites too. But perhaps the most fascinating of all of the gut’s inhabitants are bacteriophages, which are tiny viruses that infect specific bacteria. Since these organisms target particular bacteria, the thinking is that in the future they can be used as a targeted antibiotic.

• Antibiotics wreak havoc on your gut microbiome Antibiotics are like a nuclear bomb for the gut microbiota and can quickly change its composition, potentially leading to serious dysbiosis, which as we know leads to serious health-affecting leaky gut/autoimmune syndrome. Although antibiotics can be necessary to treat certain infections, they can have both short and long-term effects on health due to the fact that the microbiome is critical in many physiological processes including immune system regulation. And let's not forget that these days most bacteria are now resistant to most antibiotics - a vet once told me (when our Carmen developed joint sepsis) that antibiotics only had a pathetic 5% chance of working. (See our natural alternative).

• The microbiome is astoundingly resilient Although antibiotics aren’t great for the gut microbiome, you’ll be happy to know that your microbes have an amazing ability to recover, but only if the right foods are eaten to create the right environment.

• The microbiome is at the epicentre of revolutionary science and research Functional metagenomics - the study of genetic material - goes beyond identifying who’s in the gut to finding out what’s actually going on inside our gut. Metatranscriptomic sequencing technology is at the forefront of this gut revolution which is able to measure the actual functions of the microbes, as in what their own genes tell them to do. This science is now beginning to suggest that the function of the microbiome is more important than the composition type to overall health and disease outcomes.

So just who's running the show?

I think we know the answer to this one - the microbiome! And bringing this all back together for our horses, this mean we need a really healthy, really happy, microbiome. And if there's only one thing we do to keep our horses as healthy as possible, we need to nurture a healthy, happy microbiome for them with fibre, fibre, and more fibre.

Which means … we need to Weed It, Feed It and Seed It -

1. ⁣Weed It - weed out the bad stuff. Remove all proceseed, C.R.A.P.* feeds from shiny feedbags piled high in our feed merchants, which are filled with molassed-laced, poor-quality, pointless fillers (oatfeed/wheatfeed, cereals, grains, corn, soya etc etc etc), mostly chemically treated and GM. In other words, all typical feedstuffs that have shifted our equine world over the last half-century towards an exploding disease state. And all cheaper than a bag of shavings, so seriously, how can that be healthy? See our Why what we feed has to be right/The Feedbowl page.⁣
2. Feed It - We feed biologically species-appropriate, real food, high in diverse, multi-grass-species soluble fibre, preferably organic to avoid the toxic chemical saturation from all the growth treatments the non-organic agri-crops have been sprayed with. See the What I feed page. ⁣
3. Seed It - Plant the seeds for more of the friendly hindgut fibre-fermenting microbes, with wonderful prebiotic fibre from long, stemmy, coarse forage roughage, i.e. hay, hay, more hay and only hay. The stems are where the magical cellulose fibre is, that feeds the friendly microbes who give back important nutrients and the energy source for our horse. The more fibre we give to the friendly bugs, the more we're sowing friendly bug seeds in our microbiome, because the happier they are, the more they'll multiply, and keep the bad bugs at bay. We've got several Blogs on this very subject.

To conclude

Everywhere we look, there’s something new that promises to help us - and our horses - get healthy, lose weight, feel happy and so on. Yet having even a small handle on understanding the world going on inside us, especially what’s happening inside each and every unique microbiome, empowers us with information about our very being, instead of another fad that promises to work wonders.

From a human perspective we likely all know someone with diabetes, obesity, autoimmune disease, depression, anxiety, autism, heart disease or cancer. And here's the connecting factor - all these chronic diseases are caused by low-grade inflammation which starts inside the gut and is literally caused by the food that's consumed every single day.

Through something very clever called RNA sequencing (RNA - a nucleic acid molecule essential in various biological roles / Sequencing - a technique used to reveal the presence/quantity of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment, analysing the continuously changing cellular transcript) and revolutionary artificial intelligence (AI) analysis, the science is now out there, capable of seeing everything that's happening in the gut microbiome right down to the strain level.

Certainly in our human world, we can now fine-tune the function of our gut microbiome with a personalised food regime in order to restore beneficial bacteria in our gut, lower inflammation in the body, increase energy, and improve the balance inside of us. I've done this myself via Atlas BioMed so I don't have to guess anymore, or spend hours searching for answers on Dr Google, or enter the minefield of supplement companies - been there!

The good news is that this field of medical research is exploding! We've all become too quick to think that we can simply take a pill to fix everything, and make problems go away without any lifestyle change, but we've really got to switch from the old healthcare model to a new proactive lifestyle-medicine - it's totally about how we live and what we eat, and the same applies to our horses - garbage in, garbage out. It's not even about taking probiotics because as mentioned above, the actual species-appropriate beneficial organisms can't be grown in a lab yet, so it's more about living probiotically - we need to upcycle diet and lifestyle for lasting results, with a ton more fibre on our plate and in the feedbowl 😉

Bringing microbiome science to the masses is coming - of course there's still little equine research, although EquiBiome is already out there which performs faecal hindgut testing, which is a brilliant start. The real revolution is all about personalised healthcare because every DNA and gut bacteria are unique in every one of us, whether human, horse, or dog. So, personalising it is a tough nut to crack - there's no one-size-fits-all diet for each individual's lifestyle or microbiome. We're now asking the question, "what does each gut need more of, or less of, in the right balance of?" With advances in microbiome studies with powerful computers crunching big data, the answers are coming.

Meanwhile, I'm off to have a chat with my own bugs and ask them what they'd like for breakfast - banana, anyone?

* C.R.A.P. - not me being rude - it stands for Carbs, Refined, Artificial, Processed. In other words, junk food.